What is Organizational Psychology

Introduction Organizational psychology, also known as Industrial psychology but commonly referred as industrial organizational (IO) psychology, is the application of psychology in workplace.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What is Organizational Psychology? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Borman, Ilgen, and Klimoski, (2003), organizational psychology is â€Å"simply the application or extension of psychological facts and principles to the problems concerning human beings operating within the context of business and industry† (p 4). In workplace, workers are faced with numerous challenges that if not handled carefully, could result to devastation and reduced employee productivity; hence, affecting the smooth running of an organization. Organizational psychology therefore deals with employees to ameliorate their performance and eudemonia. Success of any organization depends greatly on the well-being of its workers and this underlines the grandness of organizational psychology in any organization. Elementary, Organizational psychology seeks to improve employee conduct and attitude through training plans, hiring procedures and feedback programs. There is a lot of research going on in this field to make it better, improve production in organizations, and meet employee needs at the same time. According to Jex and Britt (2008), researches in this field include analyzing nature of the job in question, performance, recruitment processes, training, balancing work and life, leadership coaching, diversity, decision making, self-motivation, and psychometrics among other disciplines. Organizational psychology has taken a long route of evolution to be where it is today and this raises the question of its evolution.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evolution Organizatio nal psychology owes its roots to eminent personal differences in any given workplace. No person is a replica of the other; therefore, it becomes tiresome to evaluate employees. This echoes the necessity of organizational psychology for it gives standards by which people can be assessed. Even though earlier studies indicated that organizational psychology solidified during World War I, current studies traces this field back to politics of Aristotle. McCarthy (2002) posits that, â€Å"Aristotle, developed foundations for many modern management concepts, including specialization of labor, delegation of authority, departmentalization, decentralization, and leadership selection.† However, the word Organizational or Industrial psychology never existed until 1904, when W.L. Brian used this word in his presidential address where he urged people to study â€Å"concrete activities and functions as the appear in every day life†¦to establish ‘real life’ applications of a science of psychology† (McCarthy, 2002). However, organizational psychology effloresced during World War I when Robert Yerkes; a prominent psychologist, elucidated the need to screen army recruits for genial sicknesses. Moreover, he suggested ways to motivate soldiers going to war and this marked the birth of intelligence test. Contemporary organizational psychology is hinged on the principles that Yerkes and other psychologists outlined in their intelligence test. The year 1917 is an important year in the history of organizational psychology; the first copy of Journal of Applied Psychology was published and as McCarthy (2002) points out, this journal â€Å"is still perhaps the most respected, representative journal in I/O field today.† However, the best times in this field of psychology were ahead. Between World War I and II, Morris Viteles, gave organizational psychology a foothold when he published his first book, Industrial Psychology in 1932. Two years later, he published The Science of Work and since then organizational psychology has been a common place in organizations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What is Organizational Psychology? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By late 1950s, motivational theories had grown which saw the introduction of Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y to explain the relationship between organizations and workers. In 1980s and 1990s, motivation in workplace had been accepted in different work environments and with the drastic change in technology, the idea spread quickly. By mid 1990s, employers employed organizational psychology to help employees deal with stress in workplace and to strike a balance between work and family. Organizational psychology is still evolving. This year, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) indicated that it would stick with the name despite persistent calls to drop the wor d â€Å"industrial† from it and this is part of evolution. Related Disciplines Organizational psychology compares closely with psychometrics and Organizational development among other disciplines. Organizational Development (OD) just like organizational psychology deals with changing employees’ beliefs and attitudes to incorporate new technologies to meet market demands. However, while organizational psychology deals with employees only, OD is broader encompassing organizational structures and planning. Therefore, difference between OD and organizational psychology, lies in the subjects addressed in each discipline with OD being a broader field. On the other hand, Psychometrics is a unit of organizational psychology though it comes out as an independent field of study. While organizational psychology encompasses other issues like ethics, psychometrics deals with â€Å"the construction of instruments and procedures for measurement; and the development and refinement of theoretical approaches to measurement† (Hunter, 1986, p. 341).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As aforementioned, psychometrics lies under organizational psychology; however, they differ in the scope of their study with organizational psychology dealing with diverse subjects as opposed to psychometrics. Occupational health psychology (OHP) is another upcoming field of study. However, unlike organization psychology that deals with performance and eudemonia, OHP incorporates occupational health, health psychology, and IO psychology itself. Role of Research and Statistics As discussed in the IO psychology evolution, this field has taken a relatively long time to be where it is today. Research and statistics are the backbone of this steady development. Through research and statistics, researchers employ evidence-based studies to improve on the current knowledge on IO psychology. To come up with a valid and reliable program, say, recruitment program, there has to be intense research to substantiate its reliability. It is important to note that, the function of IO psychology is to improve performance and this can only come through credible programs. Therefore, research and statistics helps in developing these programs. Additionally, it is only through research and statistics that a research objective can be approved as a theory. Conclusion Organizational psychology, commonly known as Industrial-Organizational (IO) psychology refers to application of psychology in workplace. This field seeks to improve employees’ performance and eudemonia in workplace. The well-being of employees reflects the well-being of the organization and this explains why IO psychology has been a common place in organizations. IO psychology has gone through a long process of evolution dating back to Aristotle’s time. It became deep-rooted during World War I when Robert Yerkes and other psychologists introduced the idea of screening army recruits to detect mental sicknesses. Nevertheless, IO psychology is still under evolution with some people calling for a change of name to omit the word â€Å"industrial’ in the name. Research and statistics play a crucial role in development of IO psychology for these two forms the backbone of efficient IO psychology. Other fields like OHP, Psychometrics and OD, are closely related to IO psychology even though they differ on some principles. Reference List Borman, C., Ilgen, D., Klimoski, J. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Hunter, E. (1986). Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Aptitude, Job Knowledge, and Job Performance.  Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29(1); 340-362. Retrieved fromhttps://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ350429 Jex, M., Britt, W. (2008). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. 2nd Ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sons. McCarthy, P. (2002). Brief Outline of the History of I/O Psychology. Retrieved from http://capone.mtsu.edu/pmccarth/io_hist.htm This research paper on What is Organizational Psychology? was written and submitted by user Kynlee M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gastropod Fast Facts

Gastropod Fast Facts The class Gastropoda includes snails, slugs, limpets, and sea hares; the common name for all of these animals is gastropods. Gastropods are a subset of mollusks, an extremely diverse group that includes over 40,000 species. A seashell is a gastropod although this class contains many shell-less animals as well. Fast Facts: Gastropods Scientific Name: GastropodaCommon Name(s): Snails, slugs, limpets, and sea haresBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: From .04–8 inchesLifespan: 20–50 yearsDiet:  Carnivore or HerbivorePopulation: UnknownHabitat: Oceans, waterways and terrestrial environments of all sorts worldwideConservation Status: Most are Least Concern, at least 250 are extinct, and many others Near Threatened or Endangered. Description Examples of gastropods include  whelks, conchs, periwinkles, abalone,  limpets, and  nudibranchs. Many gastropods  such as snails and limpets  have one shell. Sea slugs, like nudibranchs and sea hares, do not have a shell, although they may have an internal shell made of protein. Gastropods come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Gastropods with one shell use it to hide in. The shell is usually coiled  and may be left-handed or sinistral (spiraled counter-clockwise) or right-handed or dextral (clockwise). Gastropods move using a muscular foot. Due to torsion, a behavior in which the gastropod twists the top of its body 180 degrees with respect to its foot as they grow, adult gastropods are asymmetrical in form. The class of gastropods belongs to the Animalia kingdom and the Mollusca phylum. fotandy/Getty Images   Habitat and Distribution Gastropods live just about everywhere on Earth- in salt water, fresh water, and on land. In the oceans, they live in both shallow, intertidal areas and the deep sea. On land, they are in wet marshy environments to deserts, from shorelines and beaches to the mountaintops. The complexity of a given habitat, whether on sea or shore or mountaintop, positively affects the density and richness of the gastropods found within it. Diet and Behavior This diverse group of organisms employs a wide range of feeding mechanisms. Some are herbivores and some are  carnivores. Most feed using a radula, a bony structure of tiny teeth used for scraping food off a surface. The whelk, a type of gastropod, use their radula to drill a hole into the shell of other organisms for food.  Food is digested in the stomach. Because of the torsion process, the food enters the stomach through the posterior (back) end, and wastes leave through the anterior (front) end.   Annika Bornheim / EyeEm / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Some gastropods have both sexual organs, meaning that some are hermaphroditic. One interesting animal is the slipper shell, which may start out as a male and then change to a female.  Depending on the species, gastropods may reproduce by releasing gametes into the water, or by transferring the males sperm into the female, who uses it to fertilize her eggs. Once the eggs hatch, the gastropod is usually planktonic larvae called a veliger, which may feed on plankton or not feed at all. Eventually, the veliger undergoes metamorphosis and forms a juvenile gastropod. All young (larval stage) gastropods rotate their body as they grow, resulting in the placement of the gills and anus above the head. Gastropods have adapted in a variety of ways to avoid polluting their breathing water with their own wastes. Threats Most gastropods on earth are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as Least Concerned. However, there are many exceptions, such as the Xerocrassa montserratensis, a terrestrial gastropod that lives in shrublands and mountain peaks in Spain and is listed as endangered by fires and fire suppression and recreational activities. Well over 200 species are listed as extinct by the IUCN; many others, particularly freshwater and terrestrial species, are listed as endangered. Sources Aktipis, S.W. et al. Gastropoda: an overview and analysis. Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. Eds. Ponder, W. and D.L. Lindberg. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. 201–237.Auld, J. R., and P. Jarne. Sex and Recombination in Snails. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Ed. Kliman, Richard M. Oxford: Academic Press, 2016. 49–60.  Beck, Michael W. Separating the Elements of Habitat Structure: Independent Effects of Habitat Complexity and Structural Components on Rocky Intertidal Gastropods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 249.1 (2000): 29-49.Frà ½da, J. Fossil Invertebrates: Gastropods. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier, 2013.  Martà ­nez-Ortà ­, A. Xerocrassa montserratensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T22254A9368348, 2011.

Short article about graphic design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short article about graphic design - Essay Example Design students are not expected to view objects on the surface just like anyone else. They should be able to evaluate other properties of the object in question such as how smooth or rough it appears to be, the angles of the curves and any other extraordinary characteristic that is visible. This and a lot more involved in designing works requires one with a proper attitude and one that understands how to see things. The reason as to why this interested me is that for one to succeed in designing and photography, it is all about having the confidence to undertake the issue by themselves. For one to make admirable designs, the individual has to have the quality of looking at things not the way they are, but the alternative way they could be. This is precisely what builds up a competent designer. Attitude too is key and should be designed in a way one will be able to overcome challenges in this field. In drawing, it can sometimes be very frustrating when one is not able to achieve the d rawing they need, but once achieved, which is possible, it becomes very satisfying. The Inge Druckery film presented ideas about design that I had not thought of earlier on. From the past experiences, the facilitator points out that taking time to deeply observe objects such as billboards which are graphically designed by professional designers helps one to see and realize many more properties as compared to when one just gives it a glance. In every representation, there are so many components that can only be identified by a keen designer. This is another way of learning tactics and making one’s skills develop even more, observation. Keenly looking at a well done job of a different designer helps one to understand the knowledge and skills applied. It goes further in helping them to utilize their creativity by trying to view the object in a better presentation. This grows and enhances the individual’s creative skills slowly

Facebook is a Useful Website for the People Essay

Facebook is a Useful Website for the People - Essay Example The influence of Facebook can be evaluated as beyond a website, but as an innovative tool to measure one’s social acceptability and the ability to mingle with the masses without any inhibition or inferiority complex. Also, the usefulness of Facebook extends to other spheres like international brotherhood, an innovative platform to communicate with one’s friends and meet new people, exchange valuable information, spend one’s leisure time in a more useful way, new experiences, view videos and games, and regular updating of one’s relationships. Lino states, â€Å"Facebook is a mirror of real life and if it is used too much becomes a sort of second life for some people†. Facebook is an innovative online medium with a lot of opportunities and advantages in different areas of human life, which separates it from the other social networking websites. As pointed out, Facebook is basically a website on the internet which provides social networking service to the users. About its usefulness in businesses, Raj states, â€Å"It helps in business promotion through Ads and Fans page†. Companies use facebook groups for promotion of their business. Cavallari states, â€Å"Facebook groups have become a marketing tool on the most successful social networking site in existence†. The social networking service helps people to connect with friends, relatives, well-wishers, and the international community of internet users. Mark Zuckerberg and his friends (Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes) are the founders of Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg was a student at Harvard and the membership was limited to his private and public circles. Later, this website became more and more acceptable and popular among the student community at Stanford University and its surrounding areas like Ivy League university. We can say that the acceptance and popularity acquired by this website among the student community attracted high school students and later the international community of internet users. Facebook was launched in February 2004, and the ownership is fully vested in Facebook, Inc., a private company. The present popularity of Facebook includes more than 600 million active users. Janell L. Carroll states that â€Å"On college campuses, Facebook is the most popular networking site, and the majority of students check their Facebook accounts daily or several times a day† ( 71). We can say that Faceb ook is becoming more popular among the student community. In addition, Facebook is becoming popular because of the unique social networking services provided by the owners. The name ‘Facebook’ is indebted to the university administrators in the USA, who used to provide books to their students to know each other in a better way. To be specific, Facebook’s aim is to help the users connect with each other and to share valuable information for productive purposes. The common thoughts about Facebook include its usefulness as a social networking website and its disadvantage as spending much time on the internet. Most of the users of Facebook make use of the same innovative tool to create a virtual presence and to share their thoughts and connect with their friends. However, D. E. Wittkower points out that â€Å"If Facebook promotes friendship and if friendship is a good thing, why do we so often feel as if we’ve been wasting time when we are facebooking?â€℠¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (120). However, most of the Facebook users may reject this opinion because they consider Facebook as an innovative tool or online medium to create

Effect of Advertising and Mass Communication to the Society Research Paper

Effect of Advertising and Mass Communication to the Society - Research Paper Example This view, though still pandemic, was largely reproached by the research conducted in the 1940s and 1950s. These studies found that the voters with strongest political interests were the most likely to pay contemplation to the campaign and therefore were least likely to be affected by the campaign. Recently, research has aggrandized to move beyond looking only at the effects that media and contents of media have on individuals and society to observing on how living in a world with all-inescapable media change the nature of our interactions and culture. This essay will mainly focus on the effects of media on the interaction and culture of the society as a whole. (Ryan, J., & Wentworth, W. M. 1999) Mass Communication (media) is a strong force in the modern culture, particularly in the United States. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where the media illustrates and creates the culture. Communities and individuals are assailed constantly with messages from a several source s including TV, billboards, and magazines etc. These messages endorse not only the products, but moods, attitudes and behaviors of the people of the society. Mass communication makes the possible visualization of celebrity: without the ability of films, magazines, and news to reach across thousands of miles, people could not become distinguished. As a matter of fact, only political figures and businessmen as well as some few notorious fugitives were famous in the past. (In Schramm, W., & In Roberts, D. F. 1971) The present level of media saturation has never existed before. As recently as the 1960s and 1970s, the television, for instance, consisted of mainly three networks, public broadcasting and a few local independent stations. These channels targeted their contents and programs primarily at the small, middle-class families. Even at that time, some middle-class families did not own a television. But today, one can find a television in the most poor of the homes and more than one TVs in the middle-class homes. Not only the availability has increased but the programming is increasingly assorted with shows aimed to satisfy the viewers of all ages, incomes, backgrounds and attitudes. The vast availability makes the television the cardinal focus of major mass-media discussions. And recently, the Internet has alleviated its role exponentially as more businessmen and ordinary working and non-working people â€Å"sign in.† While TV and Internet has dictated the mass communication (media), movies and magazines, specifically those lining the egress at grocery checkout points – also play an important role in culture as other forms of media do. (Ekstrom, R. R. 1992). The culturist theory, which was developed in the 1980s and 1990s, combines the previous two theories and illustrates that people interact with media to establish their own meanings out of the pictures and messages they receive. This theory observes the viewers as playing an active rather than a passive role in relation to mass communication. One research focuses on the audiences and how they interact with media while the other research focuses on those who create the media, especially the news. (Yssing, H. L., Handelshojskolen 2000) The researchers emphasize that the viewers choose what to watch among a wide range of channels and also how much to watch, and may choose the mute option or the VCR remote over the channel

Song Of Myself By Walt Whitmans English Literature Essay

Song Of Myself By Walt Whitmans English Literature Essay Song of Myself , by Walt Whitmans Background Song of Myself is a poem by Walt Whitmans. This poem presents a continual stream of human consciousness, where he attempts to analyze death as natural and transformative process, which ought to occur to everybody. Walt Whitman was an American poet born in 1819 and died on 26th March 1892. The poet was born in Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York, U.S.In his previous years, Whitman worked as government employee ,and during the helm of his literally work he used to work as health care assistant in the American war . He is regarded as a humanist, who saw the transition of 1800s transcendentalism into realism, which incorporated both concepts and views of his work. During his reign, his literally work was regarded as controversial because it incorporated my contents that were regarded as sexually obscene. It is the same poem, Song of Myself, which marked Whitmans career as an influential poet of the time. Among the 12 poems found in the in the publication Leaves of grass, it is only the Song of Myself which has emerged as the most famous. Themes in Song of Myself by Walt Whitmans Various themes have been depicted in the poem, and the most identifiable ones include the concept of shared experience, Divinity, Love, Sexuality, death, and life after death. Under the theme of shared experience, Whitman describes relationships as a natural part of life, where he affirms the positive connection between personal feelings and relationship with other people. This concept depicted in the verse I celebrate myself and sing myself, and what I assume you shall assume, for every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. The poet does not discriminate elements of life and he elaborates that their equality among all things in the world, whether dead or alive. After reading the poem, the reader of the poem appreciates everything around them as connected, and nothing occurs under separate entity. Egalitarianism with the related shared experience is also presented in verse 48, which says I have said that the soul is not more than the body, and I have said that the body is not more than the soul. This verse illustrates the tranquility in the poem, which gives all components of the body equal merits. Another theme critically depicted is Death. All through the poem, Whitman describes death as a natural part of every individual life. He does not believe on physical death, and he assumes that when one dies he will rise again in another transformed form, They are alive and well somewhere, the smallest sprout shows there is really no death. In this theme, he also affirms his contribution to the world, where he argues that even after he dies, his corpse will contribute to establishment of new life on earth. This means he does not believe in death. Another theme clearly shown in poem is the aspect of life. Despite the fact that he sees death as transformation to another life, he eludes the prospect of an afterlife after one dies. This theme is elaborated in section 6, where he says all goes onward and outward, nothing collapses. Whitman regards life as a gift from God, and he personifies life as anchor, which links the living and the non living. In relation to the theme sexuality, Whitmans describes sexuality as an element that makes soul sensual .The encounter of two individuals in section five expresses the poets desire in relation to sex ,which he values as the synthesis of body and soul. He critically argues that sensual feeling is part of life, which makes it more enjoyable since if one is not living, they cannot enjoy it. Comment of Whitmans language and verse One thing about this poem is that it depicts several literary devices such as alliteration, similes, metaphors, tone and imagery. In writing the poem, Whitmans uses a lot of imagery as an indicative of life and death. This way death and life clearly presented. Metaphors and personification have also been used in the poem. These relate to the exact happenings in life. There is also the consistent use of imagery to depict things life love and its meaning. For example, the line I celebrate myself and sing myself, and what I assume you shall assume, for every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. is a simile. These have been paralleled with the major issues presented in the poem. Similes to the life events have also been amplified in the poem. A lot of alliterations are also evident in the poem. The tone of realism and humanity has also been praised in this poem. This presents the cries and anguish of the narrator. The reader will be in a position of getting the tone of the poem f rom the first reading. The use of specific words such as dark night and love help to set the poems tone. There are numerous allusions of the poem to other works that are symbolic. Whitman also uses alliterations in the poem. The alliteration of letter b sound is presented in broken blinds. Song of Myself by Walt Whitmans contains a total of contains 52 verses describing the feeling of life and death. In almost all verses, Whitman presents the internal girth obtained from self satisfaction. The poems analyze living as the lifestyle, while death as an escape to lifes suffering. The author explains the exact meaning of death, love, life, and how human beings relate to each other. Reading the poems, the author expresses his own feelings and emotions through use of words that can easily be understood by the reader. This is why he concentrated on the major issues directly affecting peoples lives. The main concern of the author was to understand the meaning of life and how people can be happier in it. Some of the harsh facts and situations he came across in his life regarding death and meaning of the hostile world must have inspired him to write these poems The 52 verses in the poem are presented by the author in such a way that they describe the main feeling felt by an indiv idual after enjoying life to the fullest. This unexplainable feeling has very many impacts on ones emotions and life in general. In conclusion, Whitman views and opinions about life, love and death strike me. This is because he presents the realities of life, love and mistrust in men. The poems explain the meaning of living and the mistrust that comes with it.

Edward Kennedy Ellington :: essays research papers

The man was born Edward Kennedy Ellington; but he exists in the eyes of American culture as the Duke. He received the nickname from a childhood friend who recognized his style and debonair. That style would carry him around the country and eventually the world as one of the music world’s most prolific composers. His life began in Washington DC on April 29, 1899. Duke did not start up as a child prodigy; while he took piano lessons, he leaned more to sports in his formative years. His parents were strong role models who supported his interests and taught him how to be successful in life. As he grew up and made his way through high school, he developed artistic talent which would lead him to seek higher education in that field. He turned down and prestigious scholarship to Pratt Institute of Fine Art and stayed in Washington to attend Armstrong Manual Training School instead. It was during college that his interest in music took off. He was intrigued by Ragtime style pianists in Washington and would seek out Jazz piano players wherever he went. His earliest personal influence was a piano player named Harvey Brooks. Combined with his early teachers, Oliver â€Å"Doc† Perry and Louis Brown, Duke Ellington found the encouragement and skills necessary for him to go out and become successful . He left school to pursue music as a career and found some work in Washington with his first band – The Duke’s Serenaders. They played in Washington for six years before making an important move to New York in 1923 at the advice of Jazz great Fats Waller. In that year Ellington recorded his first record and changed the band’s name to The Washingtonians. Radio was the big key to the foundation of Ellington’s success in New York. It was radio which had prepared New Yorkers for his sound and once his band made connections with the major New York clubs, it was radio which made their sound a national phenomenon. The most important of the clubs which Duke Ellington played for was the Cotton Club. The combination of the national radio broadcasts that aired from the Cotton Club and the addition of Irving Mills as the bands manager launched Ellington from running a great band to being a star. His fame gave him the ability to develop his band and add in the best musicians from around the country.