When the Levees broke rhetorical analysis - 1864 Words

Max Massimo Professor Gwaltney English 1102 18 March 2014 When the Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis On August 25th at six thirty P.M, one of the most devastating natural disasters the U.S had ever seen touched ground in Florida. Hurricane Katrina was a category five hurricane that had made its way to New Orleans by August 29th. This storm was so destructive that not only did it leave a mark in the gulf coast, but it put the whole country into complete turmoil. Spike Lee was one of the first people to try to start a movement and show the country what really happened during this brutal storm. In the film When the Levees Broke, Spike Lee does a fantastic job at using the people of New Orleans to back up his argument that the United†¦show more content†¦The second part of his argument was that the government did not provide sufficient aid for those in need during the floods. This part of the argument is much more controversial because race gets tied into it. Since Spike Lee is a proud African American he focused on the African populati on in New Orleans. One example of the race issue is when Kanye West announced on national television that â€Å"George Bush doesn’t care about black people†. Lee does a good job at incorporating celebrities in the film to back up his argument. The slow and inadequate response to Katrina is blamed on the Federal Emergency Management Agency. In the interviews multiple towns’ people expressed their anger towards FEMA due to their lack of supplies, small amounts of shelter, and their slow response times. One of the most criticized facts is that the firefighters who volunteered to help were forced to take a two day training course over sexual harassment. When making a statement on the current disaster at the time, Colorado Governor Bill Owens said, â€Å"Every one of those government levels could have done better.† The fact that someone that is a government official made a statement like that is almost sickening. Owens expressed in sheer disappointment that he knew that the government was capableShow MoreRelatedEssay about When the Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis1621 Words   |  7 PagesChase Caldwell Professor Gwaltney English 1102 14 March 2013 When The Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana on the morning of August 29, 2005. The storm produced sustained winds of up 125 mph when it hit that morning. On that same day Katrina caused 53 different levee breaches in greater New Orleans, spilling the waters of Lake Pontchartrain into the city and flooding an overwhelming majority of New Orleans. The floodwaters destroyed countless homes

Essay on The Effects of Parenting Styles on Child Outcome

â€Å"There is no way in which parents can evade having a determining effect upon their children’s personality, character, and competence† (Baumrind, 1978). It is amazing that children who are raised in completely different environments can go on to possess similar characteristics later in life. But why is this the case? The functions that parents perform greatly influence how children develop. A tremendous amount of research has been done on the effects of parenting styles since 1966 when Diana Baumrind first published her three prototypes of parenting styles, but many parents fail to understand the power they possess in shaping the future lives of their children and the need for a responsible strategy regarding the rearing of their†¦show more content†¦Although most indicative of Western society, these parenting styles have been validated in other countries as well, including Australia, China, and Russia (Hart, et al., 1998; Leung et al., 1998). A large amount of literature published before the 1990s focused on the effects of parenting styles on the outcomes of children, establishing the benefits of the authoritative style as opposed to the negative outcomes generated by the authoritarian and permissive approaches (Demo Cox, 2000). In essence, the authoritative style is a strategy that sets reasonable rules and guidelines that are in the best interests of the child. These rules supply structure while still allowing the child to explore and begin the process of learning what behaviors are acceptable. The authoritative approach to parenting is considered to be the most balanced style. In this category, children are expected to maintain maturity and respect for the rules and regulations that are set in place. An open dialogue between the parent and the child is encouraged. This allows children to feel independent. Any punishment is reasonable and typically explained to the child so that they understand what it is that t hey did wrong and why they were punished. This approach to parenting yields many benefits for the child. Children who are products of this approach generally see higher academic achievement duringShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles And Its Effect On Children Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesraised, or how we raise-or plan on raising-our own children. With this said it is undeniable that parenting styles and their effectiveness vary. In research, parenting styles have been split into four categories the authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and the uninvolved. Within these categories, researches have attempted to map the effectiveness of parenting styles and the positive and negative outcomes of each. Despite the eclectic and commonly erratic nature of family structures, practices, andRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Effects On The Child Development Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesParenting Styles and their Effects on the Child Development Parenting is the process of raising a child. It is one of the oldest responsibilities parents have towards their children. Be a parent can be challenging and rewarding as well. Each parent uses different parenting styles. In the early 1960s, Diana Baumrind concluded that parenting styles differ in four important areas: parents warmth/nurturance, discipline strategy, communication skills, and expectations of maturity. She concluded thatRead MoreThe Difference Between Parenting Styles and Strategies1653 Words   |  7 PagesParenting styles, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful, tend to be almost inherent to the individual, something that is unlikely to change. A parenting strategy is something an individual chooses. It may be based upon their parenting style, but it can also change in response to needs and behaviours. Parenting strategies tend to be in regards to disciplinary measures. Strategies are usually needed to attend to problem behaviours, which t end to arise because of ineffectiveRead MoreInfluence Of Communication Between Parents And Their Children992 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence of communication between parents and their children, and how different parenting styles affect Childhood Development Language and communication are interdependent to one another. Communication influences the way that people think and interact with others, whilst language is used to express thoughts and feelings in order to better the communication between individuals. Therefore it is known that without the use of language, people would be unable to express their feelings which would leadRead MoreHow Does Parenting Affect Children? Essay982 Words   |  4 Pages How Does Parenting Affect Children? All parents have their own methods of raising their children. Some parents are more lenient, some strict, and some are absent entirely. What effect does this have on the children as they grow into adulthood? Studies have shown that different parenting styles can affect a child’s psychological development as well as the child’s overall psychological well-being. Parenting style can determine whether the child will have issues such as problematic behavior or poorRead MoreConsequences to Authoritarian Parenting 868 Words   |  4 Pagesoffers the prospect to influence the child regularly. Parenting styles figures in as a prime part of a child’s mental health and behaviour. Parenting refers to the parent’s actions and reactions to their child, including expectations, beliefs and values. Diana Baumrind (1971, 1991), psychologist, based parenting on two aspects including control and warmth. Baumrind used the combination of these aspects in different ways to iden tify the four styles of parenting used today, consisted of, authoritativeRead MoreSocioeconomic Status And Parenting Styles869 Words   |  4 Pagesand Anna J. Markowitz (2015) inform that children’s outcome behaviors are affected by their quality of life which indirectly associated with the socioeconomic status. In addition, Liliana J. Lengua,Cara Kiff, Lyndsey Moran, Maureen Zalewski, Stephanie Thompson, Rebecca Cortes, and Erika Ruberry (2014) explain that there is a strong correlation between socioeconomic status and parenting styles and these factors have a huge impact on the outcome behaviors of children. For instance, low-income statusRead MoreEssay on Parenting Styles and How They Affect Your Children951 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Are the Parenting Styles and How Do They Affect Your Child? How a parent raises their child can affect the child later on in life. There are four parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful (uninvolved). Each of these parenting styles can affect a child in some way. Some parenting styles have more negative outcomes than others. Some have both positive and negative outcomes. The authoritarian parenting style is a style in which the parent has the only say. ThisRead MoreAnalysis of Differing Parenting Styles796 Words   |  3 Pagesthree main styles of parenting widely accepted in the field of Psychology, which are authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. A fourth style, uninvolved/neglectful, is also being more widely recognized. The likes of Erickson and Baumrind have long since contributed to research efforts on the effects of parenting styles on child development. With numerous factors influencing both the parents and the child’s response to the parenting style is can be difficult to assess the best style for an optimalRead MoreTaking a Look at Different Parenting Styles757 Words   |  3 Pagesparents child cultivating approaches and behaviors during child development. The fact that not all parents participate in such growth-promoting child-rearing raises a fundamental question that was disregarded until 15 to 20 years ago: â€Å"Wh y do parents parent the way they do† (Belsky, 2005)? When it comes to parenting, the demeanor and strategies, in which parents practice, in order to efficiently integrate their children into society defines parenting style. Studies encompassing parenting styles show

Control Of Infectious Diseases Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

First, it is of import to understand the standard any disease needs to run into to be considered for obliteration. Miller ( 2006 ) has proposed two classs of scientific and economic factors relevant for for good disrupting transmittal of infective disease. The scientific factors include: the concatenation of transmittal must merely include worlds and pathogens doing the disease must non hold a natural reservoir, inoculations for the disease must confabulate long-run protection, the ecology of pathogen must be really good known and effectual research lab parturiency must be possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Control Of Infectious Diseases Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Additionally, from economic facet investings into obliteration programme must pay off to pull investors and support ( Miller, 2006 ) . However, as Miller points out, any obliteration run is hazardous because at the start it is impossible to gauge if there is traveling to be adequate support and political support. Furthermore, the feasibleness of obliteration differs in developed and developing states due to overall wellness degree, political agitation, substructure and communicating services, and fiscal state of affairs ( Miller, 2006 ) . Thus, even if a disease meets the standards and can be a campaigner for obliteration it will non be guaranteed that obliteration attempts lead to success. Smallpox In the last 100 old ages at that place have been several efforts to eliminate different diseases. However, the merely successful obliteration run so far has been that of variola. Prior to eradication the eruptions of variola were frequent in many parts of the universe, nevertheless, by 1950 it was eradicated from most developed states ( Fenner, 1982 ) . The obliteration run of variola was announced by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in 1967 ( Henderson, 1977 ) and it is one of the greatest success narratives of twentieth century medical specialty. Beginnings and features Smallpox is a terrible infective disease, caused by smallpox virus, which is a genetically stable DNA virus ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) that spread from Asia to Europe and Africa at the beginning of Christian epoch ( Henderson, 1977 ) . There are two different types of variola, variola child and major, the latter being more unsafe with 30 % of decease rates ( WHO ) . The airborne smallpox virus ( Henderson, 1977 ) spread among worlds via inhaling and had an incubation period of 7-17 yearss, followed by terrible strivings, febrility and other flu-like symptoms that made the victims stay at their house, restricting the instances of variola into limited countries. Smallpox is contagious merely during the clip when victims have roseola, which develops on face and appendages. Rash is characteristic to smallpox and it is easy to name rather accurately. Peoples who have recovered from variolas have a womb-to-tomb unsusceptibility against the disease ( Henderson, 1977 ) . Vaccines and efficiency Smallpox does non hold any known intervention besides inoculation ( WHO ) . Before Collier developed heat-stable variola vaccinum in 1950s merely liquid vaccinums were available, which were restricted in their usage due to heat-sensitivity ( Henderson, 1977 ) . The new lyophilized vaccinum proved to be really efficient since merely one dosage had immediate effects and conferred durable unsusceptibility ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . In add-on ( Henderson, 1977 ) , the inoculation procedure itself was easy and the re-use of acerate leafs reduced the cost of inoculation. Most developed states were already immunizing people before the start of WHO run and had stopped the transmittal in their state ( Henderson, 1977 ) . The first enterprise to eliminate variolas came from Soviet Russia and the USA ; their proposal was approved by World Health Assembly ( WHA ) in 1966 and the WHO run officially began in 1968 ( Foege, 1998 ) . Reasons for successful obliteration First, smallpox met the standards of eradicable diseases and had several biological characteristics that facilitated its obliteration. Fenner ( 1982 ) suggested that the badness of the status, easy designation by people without medical makings or preparation, human to human transmittal, limited spread, the absence of perennial infectivity and the deficiency of animate being reservoir had a major impact on the obliteration attempt. Furthermore, the handiness of effectual heat-stable vaccinum that was either made by local authoritiess or donated made the vaccinum cheap and sustainable in different socio-environmental conditions ( Henderson, 1982 ) . Second, there was a strong political support for the run: all developed states that had already eradicated the disease had to do immense investings to keep the quarantine programmes and nation-wide immunisations because air-travelling could import variola from an endemic state and let go of the pathogen. Therefore, they had economic involve ment and motive to finance the obliteration elsewhere because if obliteration was certified in all states so the investings and inoculations could halt and so could all future disbursals related to smallpox ( Fenner, 1982 ) . Third, although the epidemiology of variola was of import to the obliteration attempt, the run might hold failed without the invariably bettering reporting-surveillance methods, prosecuting of local wellness workers and community members, and, near link between field workers and research labs to better the vaccinum ( Henderson, 1977 ) . Besides, the programme had strong cardinal leading yet it was really flexible and suited to the demands of each state, which finally led to success ( Henderson, 1977 ) . Finally, the obliteration run lasted merely 10 old ages, which is non drawn-out plenty to deter people in the feasibleness of the enterprise. The last endemic instance of variola occurred in 1977 in Somalia, and the last instance of smallpox transmittal took top ographic point in England in 1978 when smallpox virus was by chance released from a medical school lab ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . This incident points out possible jobs of incorporating viruses and forestalling them from doing new eruptions. The enfranchisement of smallpox obliteration was given in 1980, 2 old ages after the last instance of variola ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Reverses and last attempts The success of smallpox obliteration does non intend that it was easy to accomplish. The plan struggled with logistic issues, deficiency of money and inconsistent political and social support ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . India and Ethiopia ( Fenner, 1982 ) were the last states where variola was endemic, nevertheless, the methods applied in these states proved to be really effectual. In 1973 in India the purposes of the plan changed from mass inoculation to surveillance and containment ; besides, seven-day hunts were carried out to observe new instances. Reward for describing a instance together with easy sensing helped to halt the transmittal by 1975, while at the start no 1 believed it was possible. Intensive run in Ethiopia started in 1971, where mountains, clime and spread population had hindered old inoculation attempts. Increasing the figure of wellness workers, WHO investings into bettering transit and house to house hunts helped to make more people populating in distant countries a nd led to the last reported instance in 1976 ( Fenner, 1982 ) . Therefore, the intensified attempts to eliminate variola from its last fastnesss were fruitful and led to the run to a successful terminal. The WHA declared smallpox obliteration in 1980 and inoculation activity had stopped in all states by 1984 ( Jezek et al, 1987 ) . Poliomyelitis After the great success of smallpox obliteration, the WHO declared a planetary run against infantile paralysis ( infantile paralysis ) in 1988 ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Polio is a good campaigner for obliteration due to its disabling effects, particularly in kids. It besides fits the standards of eradicable diseases suggested by Aylward and confederates ( 2000 ) and Miller ( 2006 ) : transmittal occurs merely between worlds and it lacks an animate being reservoir, there is an effectual orally administered infantile paralysis vaccinum, the badness of the disease can be prevented by immunisation and cut downing or halting immunisation will salvage 1000000s of dollars every twelvemonth ; to boot, the strong coaction and support from the Rotary International, UNICEF, WHO, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and authoritiess has provided wider social and political support. There has been important success after 20 old ages of attempts seeking to eliminate infantile paralysis: 350A 000 infantile paralysis instances and 125 endemic states in 1988 have been reduced to 1997 instances and 4 endemic states by 2006 ( Dutta, 2008 ) . However, polio obliteration has proven to be more hard due to unanticipated factors refering the vaccinum and the last fastnesss of infantile paralysis that seem impossible to level ; as a consequence many people have lost religion in the run and think that effectual control may be a better option ( Roberts, 2006 ) . Beginning and Features The antiquity of infantile paralysis is widely acknowledged and Egyptian rock carvings dated to ca 1500 B.C. picturing a adult male with limb malformations is believed to stand for an early instance of infantile paralysis ( Sass, 1996 ) . Polio ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) is a paralytic disease caused by poliovirus, which is a genetically unstable RNA virus and belongs to the household of enteroviruses. It has three wild serotypes that are causative of infantile paralysis. In developing states it affects 1 in 200 people, whereas merely in 1 % of instances the virus invades the nervous system and causes palsy ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) . The victims shed virus with their fecal matters for hebdomads or more after inoculation, therefore, the virus can mouse back and circulate in a community without being detected ( WHO ) . Poliovirus spreads chiefly via oral-faecal transmittal and replicates in the intestine and pharynx ( Roberts, 2004 ) . The disease has the most annihilating consequence in kid s under 5 ( WHO ) . Furthermore, most instances of infantile paralysis have untypical symptoms, which hinder the diagnosing and containment of the disease ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Due to the low specificity of infantile paralysis symptoms the surveillance mechanisms focal point on acute flaccid palsy ( AFP ) in under 15-year-olds and to corroborate the status stool samples need to be collected and analysed in the lab ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Due to drawn-out and complicated designation procedure gives the pathogen an chance to re-enter the environment and do new eruptions of infantile paralysis. Vaccines and efficiency Similarly to smallpox, there is no remedy for infantile paralysis and inoculation is the lone manner to forestall the disease ( WHO ) . There are two types of vaccinums available: inactivated infantile paralysis vaccinum ( IPV ) developed by Salk in the 1950s and unwritten infantile paralysis vaccinum ( OPV ) that contains unrecorded virus advanced by Sabin in the sixtiess ; both have advantages and disadvantages ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . OPV is widely used because it provides enteric unsusceptibility, is inexpensive to bring forth, easy to administrate, and spreads from individual to individual confabulating unsusceptibility to unvaccinated persons in propinquity ( Miller, 2006 ) . At least 3 doses of OPV in babies are required for the vaccinum to work ; nevertheless, surveies have shown that 3 unit of ammunitions of OPV provide merely 70-80 % unsusceptibility in some tropical scenes but frequently the vaccinum coverage is low, go forthing many kids unprotected and triping eruptions du e to uneven population unsusceptibility ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . In add-on, the efficiency of vaccinum is dependent on the general wellness state of affairs of the population, which in many developing states is low ; for illustration 10 doses of OPV are deficient against infantile paralysis in some parts of India, whereas merely 2 doses were effectual in Japan ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Children who live in hapless sanitation conditions frequently have chronic diarrhea that undermines inoculation since the medicine leaves the organic structure before it could hold any effects ( Roberts, 2004 ) . A major job with OPV is its heat sensitiveness: infantile paralysis serum needs to be kept below 8 grades Celsius, which can be hard in parts with hot tropical clime and civil perturbation ( Westhead, 2009 ) . This job is being addressed and presently all OPV acquired through UNICEF have thermo-sensors that monitor heat exposure of the vaccinum and let limited usage in the heat without compromising the vaccinum ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Furthermore, virus strains in OPV can mutate and recover the ability to go around and may do vaccine-associated paralytic infantile paralysis ( VAPP ) , which occurs seldom and has low transmittal rates ( Minor, 2009 ) . Some people with compromised immune-system may cast the vaccinum derived poliovirus ( VDPV ) for old ages, moving as a reservoir for the disease and current medical specialty has no remedy to halt it ( Miller, 2006 ) . Therefore, despite the cost-efficiency ratio of OPV it has some major mistakes that may forestall the accomplishment of obliteration. On the other manus, IPV is administered via injection, doing it expensive to utilize, particularly in developing states ( Miller, 2006 ) . IPV does non do VAPP or VDPV, does non distribute from individual to individual, does non supply enteric unsusceptibility and does non forestall oral-faecal transmittal of the disease ; therefore, IPV requires higher inoculation coverage ( Nomoto et a l, 2002 ) . To turn to the job of VAPP and VDPV it has been suggested to exchange from OPV to IPV, nevertheless, the high cost of IPV makes its usage in developing states unlikely but every bit long as OPV is administered the obliteration of infantile paralysis can non be once and for all confirmed ( Minor, 2009 ) . Attempts and methods to get the better of infantile paralysis First, by 1990s 80 % of kids were vaccinated against 6 diseases supplying high overall unsusceptibility across populations and the feasibleness of eliminating infantile paralysis was demonstrated in different geographic countries across states with different economic position ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . The methods of obliteration were inspired by the success of Pan-American Health Organization programme that eradicated infantile paralysis from the Western hemisphere by 1990 ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . By today US $ 4 billion has been invested in the run and the planetary instances have been reduced by 99 % since 1988 ( Roberts, 2006 ) . An estimated US $ 1.5 billion will be saved every twelvemonth if polio obliteration is finished and inoculations ceased ( Aylward et al, 2000 ) . Hull and confederates ( 2001 ) have summarised the schemes used to eliminate infantile paralysis: First, everyday immunisations that aspire to present 3 OPV doses to babies during their first twelvemonth of life ; se condly, the debut of national immunisation yearss ( NIDs ) quickly boosts the unsusceptibility of under 5-year-olds and must be continued for at least few old ages after the last reported instance ; thirdly, the surveillance marks instances of AFP and sends tool samples for analysis ; and eventually, mopping-up immunisations are intensive house to house hunts that reach the bulk of people at the terminal stages of infantile paralysis run ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Recent finds allow OPV to aim type-specific poliovirus, either type 1, or 3 ; the usage of monovalent OPV ( mOPV ) may increase the public presentation of vaccinum in contending infantile paralysis in states where the disease has been hard to undertake so far ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Poliovirus type 2 had already been wiped out by 1999, converting authoritiess and moneymans that accomplishing obliteration of infantile paralysis is possible ( Roberts, 2006 ) . mOPV aiming type 1 poliovirus has already been efficaciously used i n several parts in Egypt and India ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Additionally, leaders of infantile paralysis run have negotiated armistices for immunizing kids in war zones ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . The initial end of infantile paralysis run was to halt inoculations after the obliteration has been certified, for this to go on, extra attempts are required: safe containment of poliovirus stocks with intensive surveillance until 3 old ages has passed from the last infantile paralysis instance to measure up for enfranchisement ; and, the concluding measure is the halt of inoculation ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Post-eradication inoculation should be carried out with IPV to avoid casting of virus and has to make high coverage rates ( Dutta, 2008 ) . The last stairss of infantile paralysis obliteration are debatable and may be impossible to carry through in current political state of affairs. Troubles and reverses In add-on to the antecedently mentioned jobs, polio obliteration run has faced serious reverses that have caused uncertainty in the likeliness of polio obliteration. One of the first licking was the infantile paralysis eruption in Hispaniola in 2000, caused by VDPV while the island had been known to be polio-free for old ages and inoculation rates had dropped below 30 % ( Roberts, 2004 ) . In 2003 infantile paralysis inoculations were ceased in Nigeria because the Muslim leaders feared that the vaccinum was contaminated and would do the population infertile ; as a consequence infantile paralysis spread to more than 18 antecedently polio-free states ( Kluger, 2005 ) . Inoculations were restarted in 2004 after all the trials for taint were negative but by so infantile paralysis instances had skyrocketed and 20 % of kids in Nigeria were left unprotected ( Kluger, 2005 ) .The fact that the virus can be difficult to observe was acknowledged in 2005 when poliovirus had been mutely go aroun ding in Sudan for old ages ( Roberts, 2006 ) . Furthermore, wars challenge polio obliteration because full states are unaccessible, unsafe for wellness workers and inoculations can non be on a regular basis carried out. After the declaration of the World Summit for Children in 1990 yearss of tranquility were introduced in order to to immunize kids in struggle countries and supply them with basic wellness attention ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . Besides, since the states affected by struggle normally lack the resources to cover the costs of inoculation, money has to come from external beginnings ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . War activity frequently forces 1000s of people leave their place and move to refugee cantonments where conditions for the spread of infective diseases including infantile paralysis are favorable. The mobility of refugees can sabotage the inoculation runs because unvaccinated people may re-introduce the virus into a pathogen free country. Furthermore, the dangers ref ering poliovirus containment must be addressed: the stocks of poliovirus are distributed among legion labs and there is presently no cardinal high-security storage installation ; besides, the little size of poliovirus genome with known sequence can be synthesized in lab and used against susceptible populations by terrorists ( Dove et al, 1997 ) . Even without human intervention the unstable poliovirus could mutate and unite with other enteroviruses in nature ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Finally, the 4 endemic states India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria are thickly settled, dumbly habituated, have hapless sanitation and many parts that are hard to entree, and therefore, have rendered all attempts to undertake infantile paralysis useless ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Even if polio obliteration was to be achieved it is questionable if inoculation will of all time halt in the western universe, particularly after the daze of 9/11 and in the turning menace of biological terrorism ( Roberts, 20 04 ) . Wild Poliovirus.bmp Figure 1. This map illustrates nicely the correlativity between endemic states of poliovirus and states affected by struggle: the bulk of points concentrate around Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India. All these states are affected by ongoing struggles. ( WHO, 2009 ) Criticism of infantile paralysis obliteration run The review of the run is related to the issues refering vaccinum related infantile paralysis instances, troubles of surveillance due to untypical symptoms, perturbation of everyday immunisations caused by struggles and increasing indifference of people due to holds ; many of these facets have been discussed in old subdivisions. I will now look at the more general statements against polio obliteration programme that argue why all hereafter obliteration attempts need reconsidering. One of the chief statements against the run is that obliteration of a individual disease can merely be done at the disbursal of other wellness resources ; even with international aid developing states need to deviate important sum of their ain resources that could be used for supplying other wellness attention services ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Henderson points out that in developing universe infantile paralysis merely affects 1 in every 200 and putting to deaths 1 in 2000 people, therefore, infantile paralysi s is non every bit large menace in comparing to other infective diseases and would otherwise non be considered a precedence ( Roberts, 2004 ) . Others have suggested that money and attending should be focused on major slayer diseases, such as AIDS and malaria that kill, severally, 3 and 1 million people every twelvemonth ( Kluger, 2005 ) . The initial infantile paralysis obliteration deadline of 2000 was non kept and new deadlines are invariably delayed, the most recent one in 2015 ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . 20-year-old on-going infantile paralysis run causes defeat and deficiency of involvement, utilizing up 1000000s that could be used for increasing the overall wellness position in people populating in developing states instead than seeking to extinguish one of many diseases. The one-year costs to keep infantile paralysis run have increased from circa US $ 350 million to US $ 700 million in 2005 ( Roberts, 2006 ) yet there is a important opportunity that inoculations will non halt af ter obliteration has been certified ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Finally, the conditions for infantile paralysis obliteration have changed after the obliteration of variola: universe population has increased from 4 billion in 1977 to 6.2 billion today ; and political state of affairs has become more complicated after the terminal of Cold War when two world powers could order their will ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Reconsidering the hereafter of obliteration does non intend that infective diseases are non worth the money and attempt. As Miller phrases it: â€Å" pick is non between making nil and obliteration but between optimum degree of control and obliteration † ( Miller, 2006 ) . Discussion The purpose of this paragraph is to discourse if effectual disease control could replace any future obliteration attempts, including the on-going infantile paralysis run. The current thought of polio obliteration is based on the success of variola run, nevertheless, Arita and confederates ( 2004 ) argue that eliminating poliovirus in worlds and in the environment is impossible today and suggest redefining the term ‘eradication ‘ so that it would merely embrace the finding of pathogens in worlds. Furthermore, Caplan ( 2009 ) argues that obliteration is hazardous because if obliteration is achieved and all immunisation activity stops so worlds will be left vulnerable to the possible re-emergence of the pathogen. As the Hispaniola incident proves we can ne’er be certain if a virus has gone everlastingly or non. In 2005 the WHO approved the Global Immunization, Vision, and Strategy ( GIVIS ) programme that puts more accent on supplying wellness attention to more people and attempts to incorporate immunisation with other signifiers of medical service ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Sceptics argue that the WHO new policy prioritising the development of basic wellness attention installations web may be deadly to polio run due to reduced political involvement and support ( Roberts, 2006 ) . In order to eliminate an infective disease the inoculation coverage has to be high, which leads to another important job. The patients can take non to be vaccinated but by making so they pose a hazard for others and stand in the manner of obliteration ( Caplan, 2009 ) . It will be impossible to deny patients their right to decline from intervention particularly in times when people are more cognizant of the possible effects of vaccinums and their rights to command what will be put in their organic structure ; besides, many will decline from inoculation due to spiritual grounds. Therefore, sing all of the above, it has been suggested that obliteration should be replaced by effectual disease control ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Arita and Henderson are the two major oppositions of infantile paralysis obliteration and they believe that the run in its current signifier can non win ; they suggest the incorporation of infantile paralysis vaccinum into everyday immunisation to keep the achievements made so far ( Roberts, 2006 ) . In instance of effectual disease control all steps used to contend infantile paralysis will be maintained until world-wide instances bead below 500 in less than 10 states, after which the accent will be on surveillance and inoculations will be carried out indefinitely ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Another of import concern is money: infantile paralysis obliteration run needs at least a few more one million millions to finish the undertaking ; nevertheless, the feasibleness of obliteration is unsure ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . The oppositions for infantile paralysis run argue that increasing investings to accomplish the end is worth it and will salvage money in long term ( Chan, 2007 ) . Polio obli teration from the last pockets is expensive if non impossible. However, the betterments made with mOPV vaccinums and concentrated attempts to undertake the last parts where infantile paralysis is endemic can non be ignored. If polio obliteration programme stopped now so money and attempt invested in the run would be lost, besides, exposure to poliovirus at an older age is more unsafe ( Miller, 2006 ) . However, after the infantile paralysis obliteration programme reaches closing any farther programs to eliminate a following disease should be postponed. Smallpox and infantile paralysis runs started off with small cognition about the epidemiology of the disease and uncomplete scheme. No other disease should of all time be considered for obliteration without extended research and thorough analysis. Furthermore, trailing down one disease does non live over the disease load that hinders people in developing states. Investing in improved wide base wellness attention that is accessible to everyone will assist to increase the overall good health in developing states and in the long tally will better the life quality of 1000000s of people. Decision To sum up, it can be said that all future obliteration runs have to be carefully assessed before the start of executing. The epidemiology of a disease that is considered for obliteration plays a cardinal function in the success of any run, together with the handiness of effectual stable vaccinums. The standard of eradicable disease were fulfilled by both variolas and infantile paralysis, nevertheless, merely smallpox run managed to accomplish the end of nothing instances in worlds and devastation of pathogen in the environment. In add-on, in current political clime biological terrorism is regarded as a considerable menace to international security, hence, halting inoculation even after obliteration may non be possible since it would go forth world unprotected against the re-introduction of pathogens. Besides, making an international understanding to get down a undertaking with high committedness may be presently impossible due to the clashing involvements of developing and developed states, yet, political support and support are important for any planetary project. Therefore, at this point effectual disease control alternatively of obliteration may be more executable and cost efficient. Word Count: 4006 How to cite Control Of Infectious Diseases Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Innovation and Knowledge Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write an Essay on the Innovation Knowledge Management. Answer: Introduction: Innovation can be defined as the process of implementation of the inventions and discoveries, in order to generate new outcomes in terms of products, processes, systems or entire organisations. It has the power to bring about changes and improvement in the performance and the problem solving methodology, along with adding value to any work. The entire process of innovation is heavily dependent on knowledge, since logic, information and data, together, helps in the conceptualization and innovation, which further assists in the renewal of the business strategies (MIT Press, 2011). This essay comprises of a detailed understanding of knowledge management as a function of organisational performance, and how it contributes towards the achievement of innovation in the organisations by giving it a competitive advantage. For this, a case analysis has been conducted for Sony Walkman and Apple iPod Touch, by comparing and contrasting the knowledge management and innovation application, and how it impacted the product development, sales, and ultimately the market share for the two organisations. In the year 1979, Sony launched their portable Walkman range of music players, which became the undisputed market leaders in no time (King, 2009). Sony continue to enjoy this position, and a fairly large market share, for about 25 years, till Apple decided to innovate and launch the iPod, which was a new portable music player. Of all the technical components of the iPod, close to 80% were produced by Sony, or by the different companies running within the brand name of Sony. Within 3 years of its launch, the Apple iPod took over the sales of Sony Walkman to become the new market leader, and while Sony was already enjoying a strong position in the market, a new organisation entered the market, and completely changed the equation for all the players. This can be attributed directly to innovation and knowledge management which was well analysed, understood and applied by Apple, along w ith the excellent cooperation within the organisation, that enabled them to achieve these magnificent results (UNIBO, 2010). Sony Walkman and Apple iPod touch: In the year 1978, the engineers working at Sony, combined the concept of the compact music playback devices with headphones, to create a product that allowed people to play music anywhere at their convenience. This product was later christened as the Walkman, and was introduced in the market of Japan, where it was received very well by the people. The initial 30,000 units of the Walkman were sold in the market within the first three months of its launch. The sales of Walkman picked up really fast, and remained that way consistently for a very long time. Even after a decade of its launch, the Sony Walkman was able to maintain a 50% market share in the United States of America and about 46% market share in Japan. However, their inability to adapt to the transition from CDs to digital MP3 players was what resulted in the decline of sales of Sony Walkman in the market and gave a window to the rest of the players to catch up and take a lead. The South Ko rean organisation Saehan Information Systems, invented the first digital audio player in the year 1998, that was portable and was named MPMan. The markets embraced this player, and they were able to sell more than 50,000 players in its first year of launch (Uriarte, 2008). Apple continued to innovate in the segment of MP3 players, and launched the first iPod in the year 2001. However, by the time it was launched, there were more than 50 portable MP3 players already present in the market for the customers to choose from, and none of these had a mass following or a dominance in the market, that was anywhere close to the one that was enjoyed by Sony Walkman 20 years earlier. The consolidation of the market of MP3 players took some time, however, Apple was able to take the lead slowly and was able to enjoy the dominance in the market within sometime of its launch in October 2001 (Dalkir, 2009). Apple implemented smart innovation method along with knowledge management used to its optimal level, to develop a device that was simple in usage and was supported by an extremely smart software that made this simplification possible. In April 2003, Apple Inc launched the iTunes store for music, which became a retail point online, that allowed the customers to go th rough the music available, and purchase the same at a nominal price. Within 2 years, the library of iTunes music store had grown to have more than 1.5 million songs and although the organisation was not making much profit per song, the volume of the songs purchased by the customers was very high, and translated into a revenue of about 800 million dollars. The organisation Apple Inc. was not only making profit by selling the MP3 players, but there was also a recurring profit, that they were enjoying with every player sold, for the purchase of the songs that people would pay to the iTunes music store. Within 3 years of its launch, the Apple iPod took over the sales of Sony Walkman to become the new market leader, and while Sony was already enjoying a strong position in the market, a new organisation entered the market, and completely changed the equation for all the players. Although the sale of portable CD players was still very high by the end of the year 2004, the following year sa w an increase in the sales of the iPod by more than 600% (Sedge, 2011). This was because the people who purchased the device once, would repurchase the newer and more advanced versions of the player, and by the year 2008, Apple was enjoying a market share of about 48% in the MP3 player segment. The closest competitor of Apple at that time was the SanDisk MP3 player which had a market share of merely 8%. Innovation and knowledge management by the organizations: The data, information and knowledge is a resource for the organisation that helps in the technological innovation, and provides them with a competitive advantage, that is sustained over a period of time. The knowledge management, organisational learning as well as the intellectual capital for the organisations helps them in understanding and putting together the key pieces of the complex business phenomena by being innovative through continuous technological advancements and provides them with the means for developing better products. Innovation has the power to bring about changes and improvement in the performance and the problem solving methodology, along with adding value to any work. The entire process of innovation is heavily dependent on knowledge, since logic, information and data, together, helps in the conceptualization and innovation, which further assists in the renewal of the business strategies (Omotayo, 2015). T his essay comprises of a detailed understanding of knowledge management as a function of organisational performance, and how it contributes towards the achievement of innovation in the organisations by giving it a competitive advantage. Sony although enjoyed the dominant position in the market for a very long time, their failure to innovate and adopt to the changing times, was what led to the decline in the market share for the organisation, and proved to be beneficial for Apple Inc. Later on, Sony did come up with the compact Walkman MP3 players, which additionally had a number of features like greater storage, app support, water protection, lower price point etc, but by then Apple had already established itself really well in the market, and had a loyal customer base who were following the organisation, and all their product launches enthusiastically. The economies all over the world are driven by knowledge and innovation, and both these go hand in hand. Since the knowledge is responsible for producing endeavours to take the advantage of ideas, data and the technologies, to make the organisations improve their working and gain the competitive advantage that everybody longs for. Knowledge management is a developing body of management, that comprises of the collaboration and analysis of tools, methods, techniques and the values that the organisations can make use of, for creating, developing and applying the knowledge (OECD, 2012). They also make use of it for getting a return on the intellectual assets of the organisation. For this, the organisations need to continuously adapt to the ever changing and evolving business environment, and minimise the time that is taken for the development of a product till it reaches the hands of the customers. This requires the ability of problem solving and learning for integration of the relevant information, and knowledge to provide a response to the business problems of the organisation, and give them a chance to serve their customers by offering product as per their demand and requirements (OECD Team, 2007). InVenturous Australiathe properties of information and ideas which are central to all forms of innovation are described: Knowledge is non-rival.An idea, unlike a consumer good or service, has to be produced only once and it can then be used many times without detracting from its value (Cutler Company, 2008). Knowledge is cumulative. The current stock of knowledge provides the fertile ground from which further research develops new knowledge Knowledge is reproducibleat negligible cost, particularly digitised knowledge. Knowledge is only partially excludable. For example, inspection of patent applications and reverse engineering can reveal most of the information in product innovations Knowledge is an intangible asset. It cannot be recovered by an investor in the way that a building or a machine can be recovered The generation of new knowledge involves fundamental uncertainty. It takes us beyond what we know. All these properties together have a number of implications, and make the knowledge sharing process socially efficient and accessible, to allow the diffusion of innovation in the society. For this, the organisations should also optimise the research and development facilities, and invest in them, to ensure that the attempt and efforts towards the research are aligned in a better way with the changing market needs. They must also take care that the product introduction that are being made by them, are in line with the anticipation of the needs of the customers, and must aim to develop the products that are differentiated from those being offered by the competitors. The knowledge sharing facilities encourage collaboration, and also facilitate learning among the society. It allows the absorption of technologies and the advancements in the same, and allow the flow of new ideas, to innovate successfully. It also helps in the development and nurturing of learning organisations (Princeton, 2012). Learning organisations are the ones where people continuously work towards the expansion of their capacities, and expensive patterns, to nurture new thoughts and thinking patterns, and set the collective aspiration among the people free, to be able to see the whole world as a single entity. Knowledge management has a lot of literature associated with its development and adoption by the organisations, and it provides an excellent opportunity to the organisations to adapt and find new ways for the transfer and sharing of knowledge. Conclusion: This essay comprises of a detailed understanding of knowledge management as a function of organisational performance, and how it contributes towards the achievement of innovation in the organisations by giving it a competitive advantage. For this, a case analysis has been conducted for Sony Walkman and Apple iPod Touch, by comparing and contrasting the knowledge management and innovation application, and how it impacted the product development, sales, and ultimately the market share for the two organisations. In the year 1978, the engineers working at Sony, combined the concept of the compact music playback devices with headphones, to create a product that allowed people to play music anywhere at their convenience. Sony although enjoyed the dominant position in the market for a very long time, their failure to innovate and adopt to the changing times, was what led to the decline in the market share for the organisation, and proved to be beneficial for Apple Inc. Later on, Sony did co me up with the compact Walkman MP3 players, which additionally had a number of features like greater storage, app support, water protection, lower price point etc, but by then Apple had already established itself really well in the market, and had a loyal customer base who were following the organisation, and all their product launches enthusiastically. References Cutler Company, 2008. Venturous Autralia: Building strength in innovation, Available at: https://www.industry.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/55383/NIS_review_Web3.pdf Dalkir, K., 2009. Knowledge Management in Theory and Practice, Available at: https://dianabarbosa.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/knowledge-management-kimiz-dalkir.pdf King, W., 2009. Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, Available at: https://www.westga.edu/~dturner/KMOL.pdf MIT Press, 2011. Introduction to Knowledge Management, Available at: https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262015080_sch_0001.pdf OECD Team, 2007. Innovation and growth: Organisation for economic co-operation and development, Available at: https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/39374789.pdf OECD, 2012. Innovation for Development: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Available at: https://www.oecd.org/innovation/inno/50586251.pdf Omotayo, F., 2015. Knowledge Management as an important tool in Organisational Management: A Review of Literature, Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3330context=libphilprac Princeton, P., 2012. The Nature and Importance of Innovation, Available at: https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9221.pdf Sedge, P., 2011. Knowledge management An Overview, Available at: https://www.providersedge.com/docs/km_articles/km_an_overview.pdf UNIBO, 2010. Introducing Knowledge Management, Available at: https://www.cs.unibo.it/~gaspari/www/teaching/slides_KM1a.pdf Uriarte, F., 2008. Introduction to Knowledge Management: ASEAN Foundation, Available at: https://www.aseanfoundation.org/documents/knowledge_management_book.pdf

What is Organizational Psychology

Introduction Organizational psychology, also known as Industrial psychology but commonly referred as industrial organizational (IO) psychology, is the application of psychology in workplace.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What is Organizational Psychology? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Borman, Ilgen, and Klimoski, (2003), organizational psychology is â€Å"simply the application or extension of psychological facts and principles to the problems concerning human beings operating within the context of business and industry† (p 4). In workplace, workers are faced with numerous challenges that if not handled carefully, could result to devastation and reduced employee productivity; hence, affecting the smooth running of an organization. Organizational psychology therefore deals with employees to ameliorate their performance and eudemonia. Success of any organization depends greatly on the well-being of its workers and this underlines the grandness of organizational psychology in any organization. Elementary, Organizational psychology seeks to improve employee conduct and attitude through training plans, hiring procedures and feedback programs. There is a lot of research going on in this field to make it better, improve production in organizations, and meet employee needs at the same time. According to Jex and Britt (2008), researches in this field include analyzing nature of the job in question, performance, recruitment processes, training, balancing work and life, leadership coaching, diversity, decision making, self-motivation, and psychometrics among other disciplines. Organizational psychology has taken a long route of evolution to be where it is today and this raises the question of its evolution.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evolution Organizatio nal psychology owes its roots to eminent personal differences in any given workplace. No person is a replica of the other; therefore, it becomes tiresome to evaluate employees. This echoes the necessity of organizational psychology for it gives standards by which people can be assessed. Even though earlier studies indicated that organizational psychology solidified during World War I, current studies traces this field back to politics of Aristotle. McCarthy (2002) posits that, â€Å"Aristotle, developed foundations for many modern management concepts, including specialization of labor, delegation of authority, departmentalization, decentralization, and leadership selection.† However, the word Organizational or Industrial psychology never existed until 1904, when W.L. Brian used this word in his presidential address where he urged people to study â€Å"concrete activities and functions as the appear in every day life†¦to establish ‘real life’ applications of a science of psychology† (McCarthy, 2002). However, organizational psychology effloresced during World War I when Robert Yerkes; a prominent psychologist, elucidated the need to screen army recruits for genial sicknesses. Moreover, he suggested ways to motivate soldiers going to war and this marked the birth of intelligence test. Contemporary organizational psychology is hinged on the principles that Yerkes and other psychologists outlined in their intelligence test. The year 1917 is an important year in the history of organizational psychology; the first copy of Journal of Applied Psychology was published and as McCarthy (2002) points out, this journal â€Å"is still perhaps the most respected, representative journal in I/O field today.† However, the best times in this field of psychology were ahead. Between World War I and II, Morris Viteles, gave organizational psychology a foothold when he published his first book, Industrial Psychology in 1932. Two years later, he published The Science of Work and since then organizational psychology has been a common place in organizations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What is Organizational Psychology? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By late 1950s, motivational theories had grown which saw the introduction of Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y to explain the relationship between organizations and workers. In 1980s and 1990s, motivation in workplace had been accepted in different work environments and with the drastic change in technology, the idea spread quickly. By mid 1990s, employers employed organizational psychology to help employees deal with stress in workplace and to strike a balance between work and family. Organizational psychology is still evolving. This year, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) indicated that it would stick with the name despite persistent calls to drop the wor d â€Å"industrial† from it and this is part of evolution. Related Disciplines Organizational psychology compares closely with psychometrics and Organizational development among other disciplines. Organizational Development (OD) just like organizational psychology deals with changing employees’ beliefs and attitudes to incorporate new technologies to meet market demands. However, while organizational psychology deals with employees only, OD is broader encompassing organizational structures and planning. Therefore, difference between OD and organizational psychology, lies in the subjects addressed in each discipline with OD being a broader field. On the other hand, Psychometrics is a unit of organizational psychology though it comes out as an independent field of study. While organizational psychology encompasses other issues like ethics, psychometrics deals with â€Å"the construction of instruments and procedures for measurement; and the development and refinement of theoretical approaches to measurement† (Hunter, 1986, p. 341).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As aforementioned, psychometrics lies under organizational psychology; however, they differ in the scope of their study with organizational psychology dealing with diverse subjects as opposed to psychometrics. Occupational health psychology (OHP) is another upcoming field of study. However, unlike organization psychology that deals with performance and eudemonia, OHP incorporates occupational health, health psychology, and IO psychology itself. Role of Research and Statistics As discussed in the IO psychology evolution, this field has taken a relatively long time to be where it is today. Research and statistics are the backbone of this steady development. Through research and statistics, researchers employ evidence-based studies to improve on the current knowledge on IO psychology. To come up with a valid and reliable program, say, recruitment program, there has to be intense research to substantiate its reliability. It is important to note that, the function of IO psychology is to improve performance and this can only come through credible programs. Therefore, research and statistics helps in developing these programs. Additionally, it is only through research and statistics that a research objective can be approved as a theory. Conclusion Organizational psychology, commonly known as Industrial-Organizational (IO) psychology refers to application of psychology in workplace. This field seeks to improve employees’ performance and eudemonia in workplace. The well-being of employees reflects the well-being of the organization and this explains why IO psychology has been a common place in organizations. IO psychology has gone through a long process of evolution dating back to Aristotle’s time. It became deep-rooted during World War I when Robert Yerkes and other psychologists introduced the idea of screening army recruits to detect mental sicknesses. Nevertheless, IO psychology is still under evolution with some people calling for a change of name to omit the word â€Å"industrial’ in the name. Research and statistics play a crucial role in development of IO psychology for these two forms the backbone of efficient IO psychology. Other fields like OHP, Psychometrics and OD, are closely related to IO psychology even though they differ on some principles. Reference List Borman, C., Ilgen, D., Klimoski, J. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Hunter, E. (1986). Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Aptitude, Job Knowledge, and Job Performance.  Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29(1); 340-362. Retrieved fromhttps://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ350429 Jex, M., Britt, W. (2008). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. 2nd Ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sons. McCarthy, P. (2002). Brief Outline of the History of I/O Psychology. Retrieved from http://capone.mtsu.edu/pmccarth/io_hist.htm This research paper on What is Organizational Psychology? was written and submitted by user Kynlee M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gastropod Fast Facts

Gastropod Fast Facts The class Gastropoda includes snails, slugs, limpets, and sea hares; the common name for all of these animals is gastropods. Gastropods are a subset of mollusks, an extremely diverse group that includes over 40,000 species. A seashell is a gastropod although this class contains many shell-less animals as well. Fast Facts: Gastropods Scientific Name: GastropodaCommon Name(s): Snails, slugs, limpets, and sea haresBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: From .04–8 inchesLifespan: 20–50 yearsDiet:  Carnivore or HerbivorePopulation: UnknownHabitat: Oceans, waterways and terrestrial environments of all sorts worldwideConservation Status: Most are Least Concern, at least 250 are extinct, and many others Near Threatened or Endangered. Description Examples of gastropods include  whelks, conchs, periwinkles, abalone,  limpets, and  nudibranchs. Many gastropods  such as snails and limpets  have one shell. Sea slugs, like nudibranchs and sea hares, do not have a shell, although they may have an internal shell made of protein. Gastropods come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Gastropods with one shell use it to hide in. The shell is usually coiled  and may be left-handed or sinistral (spiraled counter-clockwise) or right-handed or dextral (clockwise). Gastropods move using a muscular foot. Due to torsion, a behavior in which the gastropod twists the top of its body 180 degrees with respect to its foot as they grow, adult gastropods are asymmetrical in form. The class of gastropods belongs to the Animalia kingdom and the Mollusca phylum. fotandy/Getty Images   Habitat and Distribution Gastropods live just about everywhere on Earth- in salt water, fresh water, and on land. In the oceans, they live in both shallow, intertidal areas and the deep sea. On land, they are in wet marshy environments to deserts, from shorelines and beaches to the mountaintops. The complexity of a given habitat, whether on sea or shore or mountaintop, positively affects the density and richness of the gastropods found within it. Diet and Behavior This diverse group of organisms employs a wide range of feeding mechanisms. Some are herbivores and some are  carnivores. Most feed using a radula, a bony structure of tiny teeth used for scraping food off a surface. The whelk, a type of gastropod, use their radula to drill a hole into the shell of other organisms for food.  Food is digested in the stomach. Because of the torsion process, the food enters the stomach through the posterior (back) end, and wastes leave through the anterior (front) end.   Annika Bornheim / EyeEm / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Some gastropods have both sexual organs, meaning that some are hermaphroditic. One interesting animal is the slipper shell, which may start out as a male and then change to a female.  Depending on the species, gastropods may reproduce by releasing gametes into the water, or by transferring the males sperm into the female, who uses it to fertilize her eggs. Once the eggs hatch, the gastropod is usually planktonic larvae called a veliger, which may feed on plankton or not feed at all. Eventually, the veliger undergoes metamorphosis and forms a juvenile gastropod. All young (larval stage) gastropods rotate their body as they grow, resulting in the placement of the gills and anus above the head. Gastropods have adapted in a variety of ways to avoid polluting their breathing water with their own wastes. Threats Most gastropods on earth are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as Least Concerned. However, there are many exceptions, such as the Xerocrassa montserratensis, a terrestrial gastropod that lives in shrublands and mountain peaks in Spain and is listed as endangered by fires and fire suppression and recreational activities. Well over 200 species are listed as extinct by the IUCN; many others, particularly freshwater and terrestrial species, are listed as endangered. Sources Aktipis, S.W. et al. Gastropoda: an overview and analysis. Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. Eds. Ponder, W. and D.L. Lindberg. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. 201–237.Auld, J. R., and P. Jarne. Sex and Recombination in Snails. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Ed. Kliman, Richard M. Oxford: Academic Press, 2016. 49–60.  Beck, Michael W. Separating the Elements of Habitat Structure: Independent Effects of Habitat Complexity and Structural Components on Rocky Intertidal Gastropods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 249.1 (2000): 29-49.Frà ½da, J. Fossil Invertebrates: Gastropods. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier, 2013.  Martà ­nez-Ortà ­, A. Xerocrassa montserratensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T22254A9368348, 2011.

Short article about graphic design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short article about graphic design - Essay Example Design students are not expected to view objects on the surface just like anyone else. They should be able to evaluate other properties of the object in question such as how smooth or rough it appears to be, the angles of the curves and any other extraordinary characteristic that is visible. This and a lot more involved in designing works requires one with a proper attitude and one that understands how to see things. The reason as to why this interested me is that for one to succeed in designing and photography, it is all about having the confidence to undertake the issue by themselves. For one to make admirable designs, the individual has to have the quality of looking at things not the way they are, but the alternative way they could be. This is precisely what builds up a competent designer. Attitude too is key and should be designed in a way one will be able to overcome challenges in this field. In drawing, it can sometimes be very frustrating when one is not able to achieve the d rawing they need, but once achieved, which is possible, it becomes very satisfying. The Inge Druckery film presented ideas about design that I had not thought of earlier on. From the past experiences, the facilitator points out that taking time to deeply observe objects such as billboards which are graphically designed by professional designers helps one to see and realize many more properties as compared to when one just gives it a glance. In every representation, there are so many components that can only be identified by a keen designer. This is another way of learning tactics and making one’s skills develop even more, observation. Keenly looking at a well done job of a different designer helps one to understand the knowledge and skills applied. It goes further in helping them to utilize their creativity by trying to view the object in a better presentation. This grows and enhances the individual’s creative skills slowly

Facebook is a Useful Website for the People Essay

Facebook is a Useful Website for the People - Essay Example The influence of Facebook can be evaluated as beyond a website, but as an innovative tool to measure one’s social acceptability and the ability to mingle with the masses without any inhibition or inferiority complex. Also, the usefulness of Facebook extends to other spheres like international brotherhood, an innovative platform to communicate with one’s friends and meet new people, exchange valuable information, spend one’s leisure time in a more useful way, new experiences, view videos and games, and regular updating of one’s relationships. Lino states, â€Å"Facebook is a mirror of real life and if it is used too much becomes a sort of second life for some people†. Facebook is an innovative online medium with a lot of opportunities and advantages in different areas of human life, which separates it from the other social networking websites. As pointed out, Facebook is basically a website on the internet which provides social networking service to the users. About its usefulness in businesses, Raj states, â€Å"It helps in business promotion through Ads and Fans page†. Companies use facebook groups for promotion of their business. Cavallari states, â€Å"Facebook groups have become a marketing tool on the most successful social networking site in existence†. The social networking service helps people to connect with friends, relatives, well-wishers, and the international community of internet users. Mark Zuckerberg and his friends (Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes) are the founders of Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg was a student at Harvard and the membership was limited to his private and public circles. Later, this website became more and more acceptable and popular among the student community at Stanford University and its surrounding areas like Ivy League university. We can say that the acceptance and popularity acquired by this website among the student community attracted high school students and later the international community of internet users. Facebook was launched in February 2004, and the ownership is fully vested in Facebook, Inc., a private company. The present popularity of Facebook includes more than 600 million active users. Janell L. Carroll states that â€Å"On college campuses, Facebook is the most popular networking site, and the majority of students check their Facebook accounts daily or several times a day† ( 71). We can say that Faceb ook is becoming more popular among the student community. In addition, Facebook is becoming popular because of the unique social networking services provided by the owners. The name ‘Facebook’ is indebted to the university administrators in the USA, who used to provide books to their students to know each other in a better way. To be specific, Facebook’s aim is to help the users connect with each other and to share valuable information for productive purposes. The common thoughts about Facebook include its usefulness as a social networking website and its disadvantage as spending much time on the internet. Most of the users of Facebook make use of the same innovative tool to create a virtual presence and to share their thoughts and connect with their friends. However, D. E. Wittkower points out that â€Å"If Facebook promotes friendship and if friendship is a good thing, why do we so often feel as if we’ve been wasting time when we are facebooking?â€℠¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (120). However, most of the Facebook users may reject this opinion because they consider Facebook as an innovative tool or online medium to create

Effect of Advertising and Mass Communication to the Society Research Paper

Effect of Advertising and Mass Communication to the Society - Research Paper Example This view, though still pandemic, was largely reproached by the research conducted in the 1940s and 1950s. These studies found that the voters with strongest political interests were the most likely to pay contemplation to the campaign and therefore were least likely to be affected by the campaign. Recently, research has aggrandized to move beyond looking only at the effects that media and contents of media have on individuals and society to observing on how living in a world with all-inescapable media change the nature of our interactions and culture. This essay will mainly focus on the effects of media on the interaction and culture of the society as a whole. (Ryan, J., & Wentworth, W. M. 1999) Mass Communication (media) is a strong force in the modern culture, particularly in the United States. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where the media illustrates and creates the culture. Communities and individuals are assailed constantly with messages from a several source s including TV, billboards, and magazines etc. These messages endorse not only the products, but moods, attitudes and behaviors of the people of the society. Mass communication makes the possible visualization of celebrity: without the ability of films, magazines, and news to reach across thousands of miles, people could not become distinguished. As a matter of fact, only political figures and businessmen as well as some few notorious fugitives were famous in the past. (In Schramm, W., & In Roberts, D. F. 1971) The present level of media saturation has never existed before. As recently as the 1960s and 1970s, the television, for instance, consisted of mainly three networks, public broadcasting and a few local independent stations. These channels targeted their contents and programs primarily at the small, middle-class families. Even at that time, some middle-class families did not own a television. But today, one can find a television in the most poor of the homes and more than one TVs in the middle-class homes. Not only the availability has increased but the programming is increasingly assorted with shows aimed to satisfy the viewers of all ages, incomes, backgrounds and attitudes. The vast availability makes the television the cardinal focus of major mass-media discussions. And recently, the Internet has alleviated its role exponentially as more businessmen and ordinary working and non-working people â€Å"sign in.† While TV and Internet has dictated the mass communication (media), movies and magazines, specifically those lining the egress at grocery checkout points – also play an important role in culture as other forms of media do. (Ekstrom, R. R. 1992). The culturist theory, which was developed in the 1980s and 1990s, combines the previous two theories and illustrates that people interact with media to establish their own meanings out of the pictures and messages they receive. This theory observes the viewers as playing an active rather than a passive role in relation to mass communication. One research focuses on the audiences and how they interact with media while the other research focuses on those who create the media, especially the news. (Yssing, H. L., Handelshojskolen 2000) The researchers emphasize that the viewers choose what to watch among a wide range of channels and also how much to watch, and may choose the mute option or the VCR remote over the channel

Song Of Myself By Walt Whitmans English Literature Essay

Song Of Myself By Walt Whitmans English Literature Essay Song of Myself , by Walt Whitmans Background Song of Myself is a poem by Walt Whitmans. This poem presents a continual stream of human consciousness, where he attempts to analyze death as natural and transformative process, which ought to occur to everybody. Walt Whitman was an American poet born in 1819 and died on 26th March 1892. The poet was born in Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York, U.S.In his previous years, Whitman worked as government employee ,and during the helm of his literally work he used to work as health care assistant in the American war . He is regarded as a humanist, who saw the transition of 1800s transcendentalism into realism, which incorporated both concepts and views of his work. During his reign, his literally work was regarded as controversial because it incorporated my contents that were regarded as sexually obscene. It is the same poem, Song of Myself, which marked Whitmans career as an influential poet of the time. Among the 12 poems found in the in the publication Leaves of grass, it is only the Song of Myself which has emerged as the most famous. Themes in Song of Myself by Walt Whitmans Various themes have been depicted in the poem, and the most identifiable ones include the concept of shared experience, Divinity, Love, Sexuality, death, and life after death. Under the theme of shared experience, Whitman describes relationships as a natural part of life, where he affirms the positive connection between personal feelings and relationship with other people. This concept depicted in the verse I celebrate myself and sing myself, and what I assume you shall assume, for every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. The poet does not discriminate elements of life and he elaborates that their equality among all things in the world, whether dead or alive. After reading the poem, the reader of the poem appreciates everything around them as connected, and nothing occurs under separate entity. Egalitarianism with the related shared experience is also presented in verse 48, which says I have said that the soul is not more than the body, and I have said that the body is not more than the soul. This verse illustrates the tranquility in the poem, which gives all components of the body equal merits. Another theme critically depicted is Death. All through the poem, Whitman describes death as a natural part of every individual life. He does not believe on physical death, and he assumes that when one dies he will rise again in another transformed form, They are alive and well somewhere, the smallest sprout shows there is really no death. In this theme, he also affirms his contribution to the world, where he argues that even after he dies, his corpse will contribute to establishment of new life on earth. This means he does not believe in death. Another theme clearly shown in poem is the aspect of life. Despite the fact that he sees death as transformation to another life, he eludes the prospect of an afterlife after one dies. This theme is elaborated in section 6, where he says all goes onward and outward, nothing collapses. Whitman regards life as a gift from God, and he personifies life as anchor, which links the living and the non living. In relation to the theme sexuality, Whitmans describes sexuality as an element that makes soul sensual .The encounter of two individuals in section five expresses the poets desire in relation to sex ,which he values as the synthesis of body and soul. He critically argues that sensual feeling is part of life, which makes it more enjoyable since if one is not living, they cannot enjoy it. Comment of Whitmans language and verse One thing about this poem is that it depicts several literary devices such as alliteration, similes, metaphors, tone and imagery. In writing the poem, Whitmans uses a lot of imagery as an indicative of life and death. This way death and life clearly presented. Metaphors and personification have also been used in the poem. These relate to the exact happenings in life. There is also the consistent use of imagery to depict things life love and its meaning. For example, the line I celebrate myself and sing myself, and what I assume you shall assume, for every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. is a simile. These have been paralleled with the major issues presented in the poem. Similes to the life events have also been amplified in the poem. A lot of alliterations are also evident in the poem. The tone of realism and humanity has also been praised in this poem. This presents the cries and anguish of the narrator. The reader will be in a position of getting the tone of the poem f rom the first reading. The use of specific words such as dark night and love help to set the poems tone. There are numerous allusions of the poem to other works that are symbolic. Whitman also uses alliterations in the poem. The alliteration of letter b sound is presented in broken blinds. Song of Myself by Walt Whitmans contains a total of contains 52 verses describing the feeling of life and death. In almost all verses, Whitman presents the internal girth obtained from self satisfaction. The poems analyze living as the lifestyle, while death as an escape to lifes suffering. The author explains the exact meaning of death, love, life, and how human beings relate to each other. Reading the poems, the author expresses his own feelings and emotions through use of words that can easily be understood by the reader. This is why he concentrated on the major issues directly affecting peoples lives. The main concern of the author was to understand the meaning of life and how people can be happier in it. Some of the harsh facts and situations he came across in his life regarding death and meaning of the hostile world must have inspired him to write these poems The 52 verses in the poem are presented by the author in such a way that they describe the main feeling felt by an indiv idual after enjoying life to the fullest. This unexplainable feeling has very many impacts on ones emotions and life in general. In conclusion, Whitman views and opinions about life, love and death strike me. This is because he presents the realities of life, love and mistrust in men. The poems explain the meaning of living and the mistrust that comes with it.

Edward Kennedy Ellington :: essays research papers

The man was born Edward Kennedy Ellington; but he exists in the eyes of American culture as the Duke. He received the nickname from a childhood friend who recognized his style and debonair. That style would carry him around the country and eventually the world as one of the music world’s most prolific composers. His life began in Washington DC on April 29, 1899. Duke did not start up as a child prodigy; while he took piano lessons, he leaned more to sports in his formative years. His parents were strong role models who supported his interests and taught him how to be successful in life. As he grew up and made his way through high school, he developed artistic talent which would lead him to seek higher education in that field. He turned down and prestigious scholarship to Pratt Institute of Fine Art and stayed in Washington to attend Armstrong Manual Training School instead. It was during college that his interest in music took off. He was intrigued by Ragtime style pianists in Washington and would seek out Jazz piano players wherever he went. His earliest personal influence was a piano player named Harvey Brooks. Combined with his early teachers, Oliver â€Å"Doc† Perry and Louis Brown, Duke Ellington found the encouragement and skills necessary for him to go out and become successful . He left school to pursue music as a career and found some work in Washington with his first band – The Duke’s Serenaders. They played in Washington for six years before making an important move to New York in 1923 at the advice of Jazz great Fats Waller. In that year Ellington recorded his first record and changed the band’s name to The Washingtonians. Radio was the big key to the foundation of Ellington’s success in New York. It was radio which had prepared New Yorkers for his sound and once his band made connections with the major New York clubs, it was radio which made their sound a national phenomenon. The most important of the clubs which Duke Ellington played for was the Cotton Club. The combination of the national radio broadcasts that aired from the Cotton Club and the addition of Irving Mills as the bands manager launched Ellington from running a great band to being a star. His fame gave him the ability to develop his band and add in the best musicians from around the country.